Language:
* Mutual intelligibility: This is the key factor. If two speakers can understand each other without much difficulty, they are likely speaking the same language, even if their accents or vocabularies differ.
* Standardized form: Languages typically have a standardized form, usually based on a specific dialect, used for official purposes like government, education, and media.
* Literature and history: Languages often have a rich history, literature, and cultural tradition.
* Formal grammatical rules: Languages tend to have stricter grammatical rules and a more codified system.
Dialect:
* Pronunciation: A dialect often has a distinct pronunciation, including different accents, vowel sounds, and intonation.
* Vocabulary: Dialects often have unique words and phrases, sometimes called "regionalisms" or "slang."
* Grammar: Minor grammatical differences can occur, but they usually don't impede communication with other speakers of the same language.
* Regional differences: Dialects are often associated with specific geographical areas.
* Social differences: Dialects can also be associated with social groups, such as socioeconomic status or ethnicity.
Some important points to consider:
* The continuum: It's important to understand that language and dialect form a continuum. There isn't a hard line separating them.
* Subjectivity: What one person considers a dialect, another might consider a separate language.
* Political factors: Sometimes political and cultural factors can influence the classification of languages and dialects.
Here's an example:
* English: The language.
* British English: A dialect of English.
* American English: Another dialect of English.
* Southern American English: A dialect of American English.
Tips for recognizing language and dialect:
* Listen carefully to pronunciation and intonation.
* Pay attention to vocabulary and grammar.
* Consider the speaker's background and region.
* Research the history and cultural context of the language or dialect.
Remember, understanding language and dialect is a complex process. Be open to different perspectives and avoid making generalizations.