1. Systematicity: Language is structured and follows rules. It's not just random sounds or symbols, but a system with grammar, syntax, and vocabulary that are organized to create meaning.
2. Arbitrariness: The connection between a word and its meaning is arbitrary. There's no inherent reason why "cat" refers to a feline creature. This allows for flexibility and evolution of language.
3. Productivity: Language is capable of generating an infinite number of new expressions and ideas. This allows us to communicate about novel situations and complex thoughts.
4. Displacement: We can communicate about things that are not physically present or happening in the moment. We can talk about the past, the future, or imaginary concepts.
5. Cultural Transmission: Language is learned, not innate. It is passed down from generation to generation within a culture. This is why different languages exist, each with its own unique features.