* San Marino: Located in the Apennine Mountains, it is the oldest surviving sovereign state and republic in the world. It surrounds the Italian municipality of Borgo Maggiore, with a small portion of the border also bordering the Italian municipality of Fiorentino.
* Vatican City State: Encircled by Rome, it is the world's smallest state by both area and population. It is the headquarters of the Catholic Church.
These micro-states are considered independent entities with their own governments, laws, and currencies. They maintain diplomatic relations with other countries and are not part of Italy.