General Synonyms:
* Position
* Placement
* Situation
* Proximity
* Vicinity
* Neighborhood
More Specific Synonyms:
* Spatial relationship (emphasizes the relationship to other things)
* Orientation (emphasizes direction)
* Context (emphasizes the surrounding environment)
* Reference point (emphasizes a point of comparison)
The best synonym will depend on the specific meaning you want to convey. For example, if you're talking about the location of a building in relation to other buildings, "proximity" might be the best choice. If you're talking about the location of a city in relation to a mountain range, "orientation" might be more appropriate.
It's also helpful to consider the audience. A more technical audience might understand "spatial relationship" better than a general audience.