1. Ritual: This is the most common translation, especially when referring to religious or cultural ceremonies.
2. Practice: It can also mean the act of practicing something, particularly a skill or an art form.
3. Observance: This translation is suitable when referring to following a rule or custom.
4. Performance: It can also refer to a performance or a presentation, especially in a theatrical context.
The specific English translation will depend on the sentence in which the Malayalam word appears.
Here are some examples:
* "He performed the anushtanam with great devotion." Here, "anushtanam" would likely translate to "ritual".
* "Regular anushtanam is necessary to improve one's singing." In this context, "anushtanam" would mean "practice".
* "The temple followed the strict anushtanam of the ancient scriptures." In this case, "anushtanam" translates to "observance".
It's always helpful to consider the context to determine the most accurate translation.