1. Complexity and Structure: Human language is highly complex, with intricate grammar, syntax, and semantics. We can express abstract concepts, create narratives, and communicate nuanced meanings. Animal communication systems are typically simpler, often relying on a limited set of signals with more direct meanings related to immediate needs (e.g., danger, food, mating).
2. Productivity: Human language is productive, meaning we can create an infinite number of new sentences and expressions. We can combine words in novel ways to convey new ideas. Animal communication systems have a fixed repertoire of signals, limiting their ability to express novel concepts.
3. Displacement: Human language allows us to talk about things that are not present in the here and now. We can discuss the past, future, and hypothetical situations. Animal communication is generally tied to the immediate environment and present circumstances.
4. Cultural Transmission: Human language is learned and transmitted through culture. We inherit and adapt language from previous generations. Animal communication systems are largely instinctive and genetically encoded, with limited cultural transmission.
5. Symbolic Representation: Human language uses symbols (words) that stand for objects, concepts, and actions. We can use these symbols to create abstract representations of the world. Animal communication signals are typically more directly related to the object or action being communicated.
It's important to note that while there are significant differences, some animals possess communication systems with remarkable complexity and sophistication. However, none have been demonstrated to have the full range of features found in human language.