1. Slavery vs. Freedom: This is the central conflict of the novel. The protagonist, Sam, is a young slave who desires freedom and embarks on a dangerous journey to Canada, fueled by the desire to escape the horrors of slavery. This conflict is evident in the constant threat of capture and the struggles faced by Sam and other escaped slaves.
2. Individual vs. Society: Sam's journey challenges the established social order. His defiance of the slave system and his pursuit of individual freedom sets him apart from the majority of his peers. The novel explores the tension between conforming to the societal norms of slavery and pursuing individual aspirations.
3. Humanity vs. Brutality: The novel exposes the barbarity of slavery through scenes of cruelty, violence, and dehumanization. Sam and other slaves face physical and emotional abuse, highlighting the contrast between the inherent dignity of human life and the brutal reality of slavery.
4. Hope vs. Despair: Throughout their journey, the escaped slaves grapple with the harsh realities of their situation and the uncertainty of their future. The novel explores the delicate balance between hope and despair as they face constant danger and hardship.
5. Trust vs. Betrayal: The journey north requires navigating a complex network of people, some of whom are sympathetic to the cause of freedom, while others are hostile and intent on capturing runaway slaves. The novel explores the themes of trust, betrayal, and the challenges of finding safe haven in a hostile environment.
6. The Moral Conflict of Abolitionism: The novel also depicts the internal struggles of those who fight for abolition. Characters like Sam's mother grapple with the ethical dilemmas of defying the law and risking their own freedom to help others. The novel explores the moral complexities of the abolitionist movement and the sacrifices made by its supporters.
7. The Impact of Slavery on Families: "Underground to Canada" depicts the devastating impact of slavery on families, as it forcibly separates loved ones and creates an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. The novel emphasizes the emotional toll of slavery and the enduring strength of family bonds in the face of adversity.
8. The Importance of Community: The journey to freedom relies on the collective effort and support of individuals and communities. The novel highlights the importance of collaboration, solidarity, and mutual aid in the face of oppression.
These conflicts intertwine throughout the narrative, contributing to the novel's exploration of the complexities of the Underground Railroad and its impact on the lives of those seeking freedom.