1. Lack of Foundational Skills:
* Limited vocabulary: Insufficient knowledge of words and their meanings.
* Weak grammar and syntax: Difficulty understanding and applying grammatical rules and sentence structure.
* Poor reading comprehension: Struggling to understand and interpret written text.
* Limited listening skills: Difficulty comprehending spoken language.
2. Inadequate Language Exposure:
* Limited opportunities for language use: Insufficient exposure to English in daily life, such as at home, in the community, or through media.
* Insufficient reading material: Lack of access to books, articles, and other written materials.
* Limited interaction with native speakers: Lack of opportunities to engage in conversations with fluent English speakers.
3. Learning and Cognitive Factors:
* Learning disabilities: Conditions such as dyslexia or auditory processing disorder can hinder language acquisition.
* Cognitive limitations: Difficulty with memory, attention, or processing speed.
* Lack of motivation: Students may not be interested in learning English or may have low self-confidence.
4. Instructional Factors:
* Ineffective teaching methods: Poorly designed lessons, lack of engaging activities, or inappropriate teaching strategies.
* Insufficient teacher training: Teachers may not have adequate skills or knowledge to effectively teach English.
* Large class sizes: Difficult for teachers to provide individualized attention and support.
* Limited resources: Lack of access to textbooks, technology, or other learning materials.
5. Socioeconomic Factors:
* Poverty: Limited access to resources such as books, computers, and tutors.
* Cultural background: Students from diverse cultural backgrounds may face language barriers.
* Limited parental support: Parents may not be able to provide adequate language support or encouragement.
6. Psychological Factors:
* Anxiety and fear: Students may be afraid to speak or write in English.
* Low self-esteem: Lack of confidence in their abilities.
* Lack of interest or engagement: Students may find English boring or irrelevant to their lives.
7. Other Factors:
* Language interference: Influence from other languages spoken by the student.
* Limited time: Students may have other commitments that limit their time for English learning.
* Lack of assessment: Students may not be aware of their weaknesses or receive feedback on their progress.