When separating a direct quotation from signal phrase should writer use comma?

Here's a breakdown of when to use a comma when separating a direct quotation from a signal phrase:

General Rule:

* Use a comma when the signal phrase comes before the quotation.

Examples:

* "I'm so excited for the trip," she said.

* The professor explained, "The exam will cover chapters 1-5."

* "This is a turning point," the politician declared, "for the future of our nation."

Exceptions:

* No comma is needed when the signal phrase comes after the quotation.

Examples:

* "I'm so excited for the trip," said she.

* "The exam will cover chapters 1-5," explained the professor.

* "This is a turning point for the future of our nation," declared the politician.

Important Notes:

* Punctuation within the quotation: The punctuation within the quotation itself remains unchanged, even if a comma is needed before or after the quote.

* Use a colon: You can use a colon instead of a comma if the signal phrase is a complete sentence.

* Em dash: You can use an em dash instead of a comma for a dramatic pause or emphasis, particularly when the signal phrase is long or complex.

Let me know if you'd like more examples or have any specific situations you're unsure about!