1. Items in a Series
* Use commas to separate three or more items in a list.
* Example: We brought apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes to the picnic.
2. Independent Clauses
* Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) that connects two independent clauses.
* Example: I finished my homework, but I still have to study for the test.
3. Introductory Phrases & Clauses
* Use a comma after introductory phrases or clauses.
* Example: After a long day at work, I was ready to relax.
* Example: Because I was tired, I went to bed early.
4. Non-Essential Phrases & Clauses
* Use commas to set off non-essential phrases or clauses (phrases or clauses that can be removed without changing the sentence's basic meaning).
* Example: My sister, who lives in California, is coming to visit. (The phrase "who lives in California" is non-essential.)
* Example: The car, a bright red convertible, was parked in the driveway. (The phrase "a bright red convertible" is non-essential.)
5. Appositives
* Use commas to set off appositives (words or phrases that rename or explain a noun).
* Example: My dog, a golden retriever, loves to play fetch.
6. Dates, Addresses, and Names
* Use commas to separate parts of dates, addresses, and names.
* Example: The concert is on July 10, 2023, at 8:00 PM.
* Example: Please send the package to 123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 12345.
* Example: My friend, John Smith, is coming to the party.
7. Direct Address
* Use commas to set off words that directly address someone.
* Example: John, please pass the salt.
8. Interjections
* Use commas to set off interjections (words or phrases that express strong emotion).
* Example: Wow, that's amazing!
9. Clarity and Avoiding Confusion
* Sometimes, commas are needed to prevent ambiguity.
* Example: Let's eat, Grandma! (This means you're asking Grandma to eat.)
* Example: Let's eat Grandma! (This means you're suggesting eating Grandma!)
Important Note: These rules are general guidelines. There can be exceptions and variations depending on the specific context. If you're unsure, it's always best to consult a style guide or a dictionary.