1. Parentheticals: These are phrases that provide additional information or commentary. They are often set off by commas, parentheses, or dashes.
* Example: "The dog, a golden retriever named Buddy, wagged his tail excitedly."
2. Appositives: These are phrases that rename or identify a noun that comes before them. They are also set off by commas.
* Example: "My sister, a talented artist, won first place in the competition."
3. Nonrestrictive Clauses: These are clauses that provide additional information but are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. They are set off by commas.
* Example: "The car, which was red and shiny, sped down the highway."
4. Interjections: These are words or phrases that express strong emotion. They are often set off by commas or exclamation points.
* Example: "Wow, that was amazing!"
5. Direct Address: These are phrases that address a specific person or group. They are set off by commas.
* Example: "John, can you please pass the salt?"
It's important to remember that these interrupters are only set off by commas if they are nonrestrictive—meaning the sentence would still make sense without them. If the phrase is restrictive, it is essential to the meaning of the sentence and should not be set off by commas.