Complex Sentence Structure:
* A complex sentence has one independent clause (a complete thought) and at least one dependent clause (a clause that can't stand alone).
* The dependent clause is often introduced by a subordinating conjunction like:
* After, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, so, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while
Comma Usage in Complex Sentences:
1. Dependent Clause First:
* When the dependent clause comes *before* the independent clause, always use a comma to separate them.
Example: *Because the sun was shining*, we decided to go for a walk.
2. Dependent Clause Second:
* When the dependent clause comes *after* the independent clause, you *generally* don't need a comma unless the dependent clause is very long or creates ambiguity.
Example: We decided to go for a walk *because the sun was shining*.
Example with Comma (for clarity): We decided to go for a walk, *even though it was a bit chilly*.
3. Intervening Dependent Clause:
* If the dependent clause comes *in the middle* of the independent clause, use commas to separate it.
Example: We decided to go for a walk, *even though it was a bit chilly*, because the sun was shining.
Additional Points:
* Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Clauses: Commas are also important for differentiating between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses. A restrictive clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence (no commas). A non-restrictive clause provides additional information (commas).
Example (restrictive): The dog that barked at the mailman was very friendly. (The sentence is about a specific dog.)
Example (non-restrictive): The dog, which barked at the mailman, was very friendly. (The sentence is about a general dog, and the barking is extra information.)
Remember: The key is clarity and avoiding ambiguity. If a comma helps the reader understand the sentence more easily, then use it!