1. Separating Items in a List:
* Example: I need to buy milk, eggs, bread, and cheese.
* Note: Use a comma after each item in the list, except the last one before the conjunction (like "and").
2. Joining Independent Clauses:
* Example: The sun was shining, but it was still cold outside.
* Note: Use a comma before conjunctions like "and," "but," "or," "for," "nor," "so," and "yet" when they connect two complete sentences.
3. Setting Off Introductory Phrases:
* Example: After the long drive, we were exhausted.
* Note: Use a comma after introductory phrases, clauses, or words like "however," "therefore," "in addition," etc.
4. Separating Non-Restrictive Clauses:
* Example: My dog, who loves to play fetch, is a golden retriever.
* Note: Use commas to set off clauses that provide additional information but aren't essential to the sentence's meaning.
5. Setting Off Appositives:
* Example: My favorite book, "To Kill a Mockingbird," is a classic.
* Note: Use commas to set off words or phrases that rename or explain a noun.
6. Dates, Locations, and Titles:
* Example: She was born on July 4, 1990, in Chicago, Illinois.
* Note: Use commas in dates, locations, and titles as appropriate.
7. Direct Address:
* Example: John, can you please pass the salt?
* Note: Use commas to set off direct addresses.
8. Interjections:
* Example: Wow, that was amazing!
* Note: Use commas after interjections.
9. Clarity and Flow:
* Example: In the end, it was a difficult decision.
* Note: Use commas to improve sentence clarity and flow, even if they're not technically required.
Important Notes:
* Comma Splice: Avoid using a comma to connect two independent clauses without a conjunction. This is a common grammatical error.
* Oxford Comma: Whether or not to use a comma before the final "and" in a list is a matter of style. The Oxford comma (also known as the serial comma) is preferred in some styles and not in others.
Remember, context is key! The best way to learn comma usage is to practice reading and writing. Pay attention to how commas are used in different types of writing and consider the meaning and flow of your own sentences.