1. Generative: TGG aims to provide a finite set of rules that can generate all the possible grammatical sentences of a language. This means it focuses on the underlying structure of language and how it is used to create meaning, rather than simply describing existing sentences.
2. Transformational: TGG posits that sentences are derived from an underlying "deep structure" through a series of transformations. These transformations are syntactic operations that change the order and structure of words and phrases, resulting in the surface structure we actually hear and speak.
3. Hierarchical Structure: TGG emphasizes the hierarchical organization of sentences, where words are grouped into phrases, phrases into clauses, and so on. This hierarchical structure is represented by phrase structure trees, which show the relationships between different elements of a sentence.
4. Universal Grammar: Chomsky argues that there is a universal grammar, an innate set of principles and parameters that all languages share. This implies that human beings are born with an innate ability to learn language, and the specific grammar of a language is determined by the values of certain parameters set during language acquisition.
5. Recursive Structure: TGG allows for recursive structures, meaning that a sentence can be embedded within another sentence, and that process can be repeated indefinitely. This allows for the generation of complex and intricate sentences.
6. Abstract Representation: TGG deals with abstract representations of sentences, rather than the actual words themselves. This allows for a more general and abstract understanding of grammatical rules and their application.
7. Emphasis on Syntax: While TGG acknowledges the role of semantics (meaning) and pragmatics (context) in language, it primarily focuses on syntax, the rules governing the arrangement of words and phrases.
8. Formalism: TGG uses formal notation and mathematical models to represent grammatical rules and structures. This allows for precise and testable hypotheses about language.
Criticisms of TGG:
Despite its significant influence, TGG has also been criticized for its lack of empirical support, its complexity, and its focus on syntax over semantics.
Further Development:
TGG has evolved over time, leading to various offshoots and alternative theories, such as Minimalist Program, Lexical-Functional Grammar, and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. These theories attempt to address some of the shortcomings of TGG while maintaining its core principles.
In summary, Transformational generative grammar is a powerful and influential theory that has significantly impacted the field of linguistics. It provides a framework for understanding the structure of language, the way sentences are generated, and the universal principles underlying human language.