Commas
* Joining Independent Clauses with Conjunctions: Use a comma before conjunctions like "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," and "yet" when connecting two independent clauses (complete sentences that can stand alone).
Example: *The storm raged outside,* and *the power went out.*
* Introductory Phrases: Use a comma after introductory phrases, clauses, or words.
Example: *After the long drive,* we were exhausted.
* Nonessential Phrases and Clauses: Use commas to set off nonessential phrases or clauses (phrases or clauses that could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence).
Example: *The restaurant, which has a great view, serves delicious food.*
* Series: Use commas to separate items in a series of three or more.
Example: *We packed snacks, drinks, and a blanket for the picnic.*
* Direct Address: Use commas to set off the name of someone you are addressing directly.
Example: *John, are you ready to go? *
* Dates, Addresses, Titles: Use commas in dates, addresses, and titles.
Example: *I was born on July 4, 1980, in Chicago, Illinois.*
Semicolons
* Connecting Independent Clauses without Conjunctions: Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses that are closely related in meaning.
Example: *The rain poured down; the streets flooded.*
* Separating Items in a Series with Internal Punctuation: If items in a series already contain commas, use semicolons to separate them.
Example: *We visited London, England; Paris, France; and Rome, Italy.*
Tips to Remember
* Read Aloud: If you're unsure about punctuation, read your sentence aloud. Pauses often indicate where commas or semicolons belong.
* Practice: The best way to learn is to practice! Read and write often, paying attention to punctuation.
* Consult Resources: If you are unsure about punctuation, there are many online resources and grammar books available.
Let me know if you have any specific examples you'd like help with, and I'll be happy to explain the punctuation choices!