Here's why:
* "Taught" is the past tense of "teach". It's the standard, accepted way to express the action of teaching in the past.
* "Teach-ed" is a more formal and academic pronunciation. It's rarely used in everyday speech.
Example:
Correct: She taught me how to ride a bike.
Incorrect (but grammatically possible): She teach-ed me how to ride a bike.
If you want to sound natural, stick to "taught" when talking about past actions of teaching.