Here's the key:
* Run-on sentences lack proper punctuation and/or conjunctions to separate independent clauses.
Example:
* Correct: The dog barked at the mailman, and the mailman ran away. (Uses a comma and conjunction "and" to separate independent clauses)
* Run-on: The dog barked at the mailman the mailman ran away. (No punctuation or conjunction)
So, a run-on sentence can be short or long, but the issue is the lack of proper grammatical structure to connect the independent clauses.