1. Items in a list: Use commas to separate items in a list of three or more.
* Example: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
2. Independent Clauses: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when connecting two independent clauses.
* Example: The sun was shining, but it was still cold outside.
3. Introductory Phrases: Use a comma after an introductory phrase or clause.
* Example: After finishing dinner, we went for a walk.
4. Non-restrictive Clauses: Use commas to set off non-restrictive clauses (clauses that provide additional information but are not essential to the meaning of the sentence).
* Example: My dog, who loves to play fetch, is a golden retriever.
5. Direct Address: Use commas to set off names or titles used in direct address.
* Example: John, can you please pass the salt?
6. Dates and Addresses: Use commas to separate elements in dates and addresses.
* Example: July 4, 1776.
* Example: 123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 12345.
7. Interjections: Use commas to set off interjections.
* Example: Wow, that was an amazing performance!
8. Parentheticals: Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions (words, phrases, or clauses that add extra information but aren't essential to the sentence).
* Example: The book, in my opinion, is very well-written.
Remember, these are just guidelines, and there are exceptions to these rules. Always consider the context and clarity of your writing when deciding whether or not to use a comma.
It's also helpful to consult a style guide like the Chicago Manual of Style or the MLA Handbook for more comprehensive guidance on comma usage.