1. Decoding:
* Phonological awareness: Understanding the sounds of language and their relationships to letters.
* Phonics: Recognizing the sounds that letters and letter combinations represent.
* Sight words: Recognizing common words automatically without needing to sound them out.
2. Comprehension:
* Literal comprehension: Understanding the explicit information presented in the text.
* Inferential comprehension: Making inferences and drawing conclusions based on the text.
* Critical thinking: Analyzing and evaluating the information in the text.
* Summarization: Condensing the main ideas and supporting details.
* Vocabulary: Understanding the meaning of words and phrases.
3. Fluency:
* Reading rate: The speed at which a person reads.
* Accuracy: Reading words correctly.
* Prosody: Reading with appropriate expression and intonation.
4. Text Structure and Organization:
* Identifying the main idea, supporting details, and organizational patterns.
* Recognizing text features, such as headings, subheadings, and diagrams.
5. Reading Strategies:
* Previewing: Skimming the text to get an overview.
* Monitoring comprehension: Actively checking understanding.
* Making connections: Relating the text to prior knowledge and experiences.
* Asking questions: Generating questions about the text.
6. Motivation and Engagement:
* Interest in reading: Finding enjoyment and purpose in reading.
* Persistence: Continuing to read even when encountering challenges.
Factors that influence reading skills:
* Cognitive ability: Memory, attention, and language skills.
* Background knowledge: Prior knowledge and experiences related to the topic.
* Motivation and attitude: Interest, engagement, and belief in one's ability.
* Instruction and support: High-quality reading instruction and opportunities for practice.
Effective reading skills are essential for academic success, career advancement, and personal growth. They enable individuals to access information, develop critical thinking abilities, and engage with the world around them.