1. Systematicity:
* Languages are not random collections of sounds and symbols. They are organized systems with specific rules and patterns that govern how sounds, words, and sentences are formed.
* These rules are often unconscious and learned implicitly, but they are present nonetheless.
2. Arbitrariness:
* There is generally no inherent connection between the sounds or symbols used in a language and the meanings they represent.
* The word "dog" doesn't sound like a dog, and the symbol for "dog" doesn't look like a dog.
* This arbitrariness allows for great flexibility and diversity in languages across the world.
3. Productivity:
* Languages are capable of generating an infinite number of meaningful utterances from a finite set of elements.
* This is achieved through rules of grammar and syntax that allow speakers to combine words and phrases in new and creative ways.
4. Displacement:
* Languages allow us to communicate about things that are not present in the here and now.
* We can talk about the past, the future, imaginary scenarios, and even abstract concepts.
5. Recursion:
* Languages can embed phrases and clauses within other phrases and clauses, creating complex and layered meanings.
* This allows for the expression of increasingly intricate and nuanced thoughts.
6. Duality of Structure:
* Languages have two levels of organization: sounds and meanings.
* Sounds themselves are meaningless, but they can be combined to form words, which then carry meaning.
7. Semanticity:
* Languages are used to convey meaning.
* The sounds, words, and sentences of a language are linked to concepts and ideas in the real world.
8. Pragmatics:
* Languages are not just about literal meaning.
* They are also influenced by context, social norms, and the intentions of the speaker.
* Understanding the social and communicative function of language is crucial for successful communication.
9. Variability:
* Languages are constantly evolving and changing.
* This is due to factors like geographical isolation, cultural contact, and technological advancements.
10. Universality:
* Despite their diversity, all languages share certain basic features.
* For example, all languages have nouns, verbs, and a way to express negation.
It's important to note that these properties are not always fully realized in every language. There may be exceptions and variations depending on the specific language and its cultural context. However, these properties provide a general framework for understanding the fundamental nature of language.