1. Roman Jakobson's Model (Six Functions):
This model focuses on the different aspects of communication and their corresponding functions:
* Referential: Conveying information about the world. (e.g., "The sun is shining.")
* Expressive: Expressing the speaker's emotions or attitudes. (e.g., "I'm so happy!")
* Conative: Influencing the listener's behavior or thoughts. (e.g., "Please close the door.")
* Phatic: Establishing or maintaining social contact. (e.g., "How are you?")
* Poetic: Focusing on the form or aesthetic qualities of language. (e.g., poetry)
* Metalinguistic: Commenting on or discussing language itself. (e.g., "That's a very long word.")
2. Bühler's Organon Model (Three Functions):
* Representational: Describing the world. (e.g., "The cat is on the mat.")
* Expressive: Expressing the speaker's inner state. (e.g., "I'm angry!")
* Appealing: Influencing the listener. (e.g., "Please help me.")
3. Four Functions Focused on Social Interaction:
* Informative: To convey factual information.
* Directive: To influence or direct the listener's actions.
* Expressive: To express emotions and personal opinions.
* Social: To build and maintain relationships.
4. Other Functions:
* Cognitive: To structure and organize thought.
* Creative: To produce new ideas and expressions.
Ultimately, the specific functions of language are dependent on the context and purpose of the communication. These frameworks provide valuable insights into how language serves different needs in our lives.