1. Values and Beliefs: These are the fundamental principles and standards that guide a group's behavior, thoughts, and decision-making. They influence everything from how people interact with each other to how they view the world.
2. Norms and Customs: These are the expected behaviors, traditions, and practices that define a group's social life. They range from everyday etiquette to religious rituals and provide a sense of order and predictability within a society.
3. Language and Communication: This is the primary means through which people share ideas, knowledge, and emotions. It shapes how individuals perceive and interpret the world and influences the way they communicate with each other.
4. Material Culture: This includes the physical objects, technology, and artifacts that a group produces, uses, and values. It reflects a society's level of development, its economic activities, and its artistic expressions.
These four factors are interconnected and influence each other. They contribute to the unique identity of a culture and shape the way its members interact with the world.