Vocabulary:
* Latin and French Influences: The upper classes, often educated in Latin and French, introduced many loanwords from these languages. This enriched the English vocabulary with words for abstract concepts, law, government, and culture, often replacing older Anglo-Saxon words. Examples include "justice," "parliament," "culture," and "elegant."
* Fashion and Status: The upper class set trends in fashion, travel, and social activities, introducing new words related to these areas. This includes words like "tweed," "chauffeur," and "weekend."
* Social Hierarchy: Different social groups within the upper class had their own slang and jargon, some of which eventually made their way into the broader language. For instance, the aristocracy's use of words like "swagger" and "posh" became associated with their perceived style and confidence.
Grammar:
* Prescriptive Grammar: The upper class often championed more formal and prescriptive grammar rules, leading to a standardization of English. This included rules about sentence structure, verb conjugation, and punctuation, which aimed to create a more unified and "proper" language.
* Pronunciation: The upper class, particularly the aristocracy, had a strong influence on the "received pronunciation" of English, which became the standard accent associated with prestige and education.
However, it's important to note:
* Not Monolithic: The upper class wasn't a homogeneous group, and various sub-groups within it had differing linguistic influences.
* Regional Variation: The influence of the upper class was strongest in certain areas, like London, and less so in others.
* Evolving Influence: The influence of the upper class has diminished over time, particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries, with the rise of mass media and globalization.
In conclusion:
The upper class has significantly influenced the English language, contributing to its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. However, their influence has been complex and multifaceted, evolving over time and not universally accepted. The language is a living thing, constantly evolving under the influence of various social groups and forces.