Initial Resistance:
* The Philippine-American War (1899-1902): Following the Spanish-American War, Filipinos, who had declared independence from Spain, were met with American military force. This led to a bloody war that lasted three years, demonstrating the Filipinos' determination to resist colonial rule.
* Guerrilla Warfare: Filipinos employed guerrilla tactics, highlighting their resistance to American control.
* Nationalist Sentiment: The war solidified a strong sense of Filipino nationalism, uniting people against a common enemy.
Cooperation and Acceptance:
* Economic Opportunities: Some Filipinos, particularly those in the elite classes, saw advantages in cooperating with the US. They hoped for economic development and access to American markets.
* Educational Reforms: The US introduced education reforms, promoting English language and American values. This resulted in the emergence of a new generation of Filipinos who embraced American culture.
* Political Reforms: The US implemented democratic institutions, including an elected assembly, which allowed for greater political participation.
* Infrastructure Development: The US invested in infrastructure projects, including roads, railways, and sanitation systems, which improved living standards for some.
Ambivalence and Dissent:
* Cultural and Political Influence: The US promoted American culture and values, which led to clashes with traditional Filipino customs.
* Limited Autonomy: While the US promised independence, the Philippines remained a territory under US control, raising questions about the true meaning of self-rule.
* Social Divisions: US rule created divisions among Filipinos, with some benefiting from its policies while others faced marginalization.
Long-Term Impact:
* Enduring US Influence: The US presence left a lasting legacy on Philippine society, influencing language, culture, and politics.
* Independence in 1946: The Philippines eventually gained independence in 1946, but the relationship with the US remained significant.
* A Complex Legacy: US rule in the Philippines is a complex subject with both positive and negative aspects. The period continues to be debated and analyzed by historians and scholars.
It's important to remember that the Filipino experience under US rule was not uniform. The responses ranged from fierce resistance to acceptance and collaboration, reflecting the diverse social, economic, and political realities of the time.