General Rules
* Add -s: This is the most common way to make a noun plural.
* Examples: cat -> cats, book -> books, table -> tables
* Add -es: Used for nouns ending in -s, -x, -ch, -sh, and -z.
* Examples: bus -> buses, box -> boxes, church -> churches, wish -> wishes, buzz -> buzzes
* Change -y to -ies: If the noun ends in a consonant followed by -y, change the -y to -ies.
* Examples: baby -> babies, story -> stories, city -> cities
* Change -f or -fe to -ves: This applies to some nouns, but not all.
* Examples: knife -> knives, wife -> wives, wolf -> wolves
* Irregular Plurals: These nouns have unique plural forms that don't follow the general rules. You'll need to memorize them.
* Examples: child -> children, tooth -> teeth, mouse -> mice, man -> men, woman -> women
Specific Cases
* Compound Nouns: Pluralize the main noun in a compound noun.
* Examples: mother-in-law -> mothers-in-law, cup of coffee -> cups of coffee
* Nouns Ending in -o: Some nouns ending in -o add -es, while others simply add -s. Pay attention to the word's origin.
* Examples: potato -> potatoes, hero -> heroes, photo -> photos
* Nouns with no Singular Form: Some nouns only exist in plural form.
* Examples: scissors, pants, glasses, tweezers
Important Note: English is full of exceptions! The best way to learn plural forms is through exposure and practice.