1. Fire-Plough:
* Method: This was a common technique, especially in the colder regions. A wooden stick (the fire-plough) is rapidly rubbed back and forth against a piece of wood (the fire-board) to create heat and friction. This produces fine wood dust which eventually ignites.
* Materials: Hardwoods like totara or manuka were used for both the plough and fire-board.
* Skill and Patience: This technique requires significant strength and persistence as it can take a long time to generate enough heat.
2. Fire-Drill:
* Method: A pointed stick (the drill) is rapidly spun against a piece of wood (the hearth) using a bow. The friction generates heat and eventually ignites tinder.
* Materials: Hardwoods like manuka or totara were favoured for the drill, while softer woods were used for the hearth.
* Tinder: Dried fungi, flax fibres, or other easily ignitable materials were used as tinder.
3. Hand-Drilling:
* Method: Similar to fire-drill but the drill is spun by hand instead of a bow. This is a more physically demanding technique.
* Materials: Same as the fire-drill.
4. Using Sun:
* Method: A magnifying glass or a lens made from water droplets in a clear crystal could be used to focus sunlight onto tinder, igniting it.
* Materials: Natural lenses like clear quartz were sometimes used.
5. Obtaining Fire from Others:
* Method: Maori communities would maintain a continual fire source within their settlement. In cases of accidental fire loss, they would seek fire from neighbouring groups.
* Social and Cultural Importance: This practice highlights the importance of fire for cooking, heating, and light in Māori society, fostering cooperation and community.
It's important to note: While the fire-plough and fire-drill were widely used techniques, specific methods and materials might vary depending on the region and local resources.