Why did Russians speak French in 19th century?

It's not entirely accurate to say that Russians spoke French in the 19th century. While French was widely spoken by the Russian elite and in some circles, it was never the primary language of the majority of the Russian population.

Here's a more nuanced understanding:

French as a Language of the Elite:

* Cultural Influence: French was the language of diplomacy, literature, art, and high society throughout Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Russian aristocracy, in their desire to emulate Western European culture, adopted French as a symbol of sophistication and status.

* Education: French was taught in elite schools and universities, making it a necessity for those seeking social advancement or careers in government, diplomacy, or the military.

* Courtship and Social Life: French was used in social circles, particularly among the aristocracy and upper classes, and was considered an essential skill for those seeking marriage into influential families.

French in Everyday Life:

* Limited Use: While French was prevalent in elite circles, the majority of Russians, particularly in rural areas, spoke Russian.

* Regional Differences: French was less common in everyday life outside of the major cities and in regions with stronger regional identities.

Reasons for French Popularity:

* Political Ties: Russia's relationship with France, particularly under Catherine the Great, led to a strong cultural exchange.

* Napoleon's Invasion: Despite the war with Napoleon, French language and culture continued to be seen as prestigious.

* Social Mobility: Knowing French provided a pathway for individuals to rise in society, especially in the military and government.

Decline of French:

* Rise of Nationalism: As Russia developed its own unique national identity in the 19th century, the emphasis on French culture declined.

* Shift in Power Dynamics: The rise of Germany and its influence on European culture led to a decline in French dominance.

* Revolution of 1917: The Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent Soviet era further diminished the role of French in Russian society.

In conclusion, French was prevalent in the Russian aristocracy and some circles in the 19th century but was never the primary language of the population. Its popularity was driven by cultural influence, social aspiration, and political ties, but its dominance declined with the rise of Russian nationalism and societal shifts.