1. Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (c. 450 - 1150 AD): This was the language of the Anglo-Saxons who settled in Britain. It was heavily influenced by Germanic languages and had a very different grammar and vocabulary from Modern English. Examples of Old English literature include "Beowulf" and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
2. Middle English (c. 1150 - 1500 AD): Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, English began to evolve under the influence of Norman French. This resulted in a mix of Old English and French vocabulary and grammar, creating a more flexible language. Key literary works from this period include Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales."
3. Early Modern English (c. 1500 - 1800 AD): This period saw the standardization of English through the printing press, the Renaissance, and the influence of classical languages. The Great Vowel Shift (a change in how vowels were pronounced) occurred during this time. Shakespeare's works are a prime example of Early Modern English.
These three stages highlight the major shifts in the development of English. Of course, there were other influences and transitions, but these are some of the most significant steps on the journey to Modern English.