* Quipus: This was their primary system of record-keeping. It consisted of colored strings with knots of different sizes and positions, representing numerical and symbolic information. Quipus were used to record census data, tribute obligations, historical events, and even religious teachings.
* Oral traditions: The Inca heavily relied on storytelling, poetry, and songs to pass down knowledge and history. These traditions were carefully preserved and performed by specialized individuals known as "amautas," who were considered wise men and scholars.
* Memory: The Inca placed a high value on memorization and trained individuals to have exceptional memories, capable of recalling complex information. This allowed them to retain knowledge without relying on written records.
* Symbols and imagery: They used intricate symbols and imagery on ceramics, textiles, and architecture to convey information and stories. These symbols were often specific to certain regions or communities, making them a valuable tool for communication and cultural identity.
It's important to note that the absence of a written system doesn't imply a lack of intellectual or organizational capacity. The Inca developed sophisticated systems for managing vast territories, administering resources, and maintaining complex social structures, all without the use of traditional writing.