1. Spanish Colonization:
* 1849: The Spanish colonial government implemented a decree requiring all Filipinos to adopt Spanish surnames. This was primarily for administrative and taxation purposes.
* Choice of Surnames: Filipinos were generally given surnames from the Spanish colonial officials, priests, or even chosen by themselves, often based on:
* Place of Origin: Many took surnames like "De la Cruz" (from the cross), "De los Santos" (of the saints), "Del Rosario" (of the rosary), etc.
* Occupation: Some adopted surnames like "Bautista" (baptist), "Hernandez" (son of Hernando), "Perez" (son of Pedro), etc.
* Patron Saint: Many families took surnames based on the patron saint of their town or village.
2. Post-Spanish Period:
* American Influence: After the Spanish-American War, the US encouraged Filipinos to keep their Spanish surnames, although some adopted American names.
* Diverse Surnames: As a result, Filipinos have a diverse range of surnames reflecting their Spanish, American, and even indigenous origins.
In Conclusion: While the Spanish government initiated the surname-giving process, the Filipino people played a part in choosing their surnames. The process was not a simple act of one entity "giving" surnames but a complex historical development influenced by various factors.