Permanent Dwellings:
* A-frame houses: These were the most common type of permanent dwelling. Made from a framework of poles covered with tule mats, they were typically 10-15 feet long and 6-8 feet wide.
* Earth houses: These were semi-subterranean structures, partially dug into the ground and covered with earth. They offered better insulation against the elements and were often used during the colder months.
* Large communal houses: Some villages had larger, communal houses where multiple families lived together. These were typically built with a framework of sturdy timbers and covered with tule mats or bark.
Temporary Shelters:
* Brush shelters: During hunting or gathering trips, the Luiseno would construct temporary shelters from branches and leaves.
* Tule shelters: Tule reeds were also used to create temporary shelters, often in the form of conical structures.
Other Structures:
* Sweat lodges: These were small, dome-shaped structures used for ceremonial purposes, particularly for purification rituals.
* Storage pits: Food and other supplies were stored in underground pits lined with clay or baskets.
The materials used for construction varied depending on the location and availability of resources. Common materials included:
* Tule reeds: These were abundant in wetland areas and were used for mats, roofs, and baskets.
* Bark: Bark from various trees, like oak and sycamore, was used for covering houses, creating baskets, and making clothing.
* Willow branches: These were used for weaving baskets and creating frameworks.
* Clay: Clay was used to make pottery, as well as for lining storage pits.
* Stones: Stones were used for tools, weapons, and sometimes for constructing foundations.
It's important to remember that the Luiseno were a resourceful people who adapted their housing and structures to the available resources and their needs.