* Latin: This was the official language of the Roman Republic and Empire. It was used in government, law, literature, and daily life by the elite. However, most ordinary people spoke various dialects of Latin.
* Greek: Greek was widely spoken in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, particularly in areas like Alexandria and Constantinople. It was also important in intellectual circles throughout the Roman world.
* Other languages: Many other languages were spoken across the Roman Empire, including:
* Etruscan: Spoken in central Italy before the rise of Rome.
* Umbrian: Spoken in parts of central Italy.
* Oscan: Spoken in parts of southern Italy.
* Gaulish: Spoken in Gaul (modern France).
* Celtic languages: Spoken in various parts of the Roman Empire.
* Punic: Spoken in North Africa, particularly in Carthage.
* Various Germanic languages: Spoken in areas conquered by Germanic tribes.
The Roman Empire was incredibly diverse, and its language landscape reflected that. While Latin was the dominant language for administration and high culture, many other languages coexisted within the empire.