* Developing powerful and complex societies. These groups had already transitioned from smaller villages to larger, more organized settlements with significant populations.
* Engaging in significant trade. They were active participants in trans-Saharan trade routes (Hausa), internal trade networks (Yoruba), and coastal trade with the Portuguese (Edo). This trade brought them wealth and influence.
* Building impressive cities. The Hausa city-states like Kano and Katsina were already established. The Yoruba city-states like Ife and Oyo were developing. Benin City, the capital of the Edo, was emerging as a major center of power.
* Developing unique cultures and traditions. Each group had its own distinct language, art, religion, and social structures. This cultural richness contributed to their unique identities.
However, it's important to note that these groups were not united in a single empire or political entity. They existed as distinct kingdoms and city-states with their own internal structures and relationships with each other.
In addition, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Edo faced different challenges and opportunities during this period. The Hausa were influenced by the spread of Islam through trade, while the Yoruba and Edo maintained their indigenous beliefs. The Edo also faced significant changes due to the arrival of the Portuguese.
Despite these differences, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Edo all played important roles in the development of West African civilization by C.E. 1000. Their achievements set the stage for further growth and expansion in subsequent centuries.