* French: This was the dominant language of the early crusades, as the French nobility led many expeditions.
* Latin: This was the common language of scholars and the Church, used for communication and religious ceremonies.
* German: Many German crusaders participated, particularly in the later crusades.
* Italian: Italian crusaders also contributed significantly, especially in the maritime crusades.
* Other languages: Spanish, Portuguese, English, Scandinavian, and various Eastern European languages were also present, depending on the region and the specific crusade.
Additionally:
* Arabic: Although the crusaders were predominantly Christian, they needed to communicate with the local Arab population, leading to some degree of Arabic usage, especially in trade and diplomacy.
* Frankish: A Germanic language spoken in northern France, could be understood by some crusaders but was less common than French.
Therefore, there was no single language spoken by all crusaders. They communicated using a diverse mix of languages depending on their origins, purpose, and context.