1. Archaic Vocabulary: Shakespeare used words that are no longer in common use or have different meanings today. For example, "Hark!" means "Listen!" and "Ere" means "Before."
2. Different Grammar: English grammar has evolved significantly since Shakespeare's time. Sentences were often structured differently, with more inversions (e.g., "Doth thou see?" instead of "Do you see?") and a more flexible use of pronouns.
3. Poetic Devices: Shakespeare liberally used poetic devices like metaphors, similes, and imagery, which can sometimes be complex and require close attention to understand.
4. Ambiguity and Nuance: Shakespeare's writing is often rich in layers of meaning and can be open to multiple interpretations. This can be both fascinating and challenging for readers.
5. Lack of Context: Without the cultural and historical context of Shakespeare's time, certain references and allusions can be difficult to understand. For example, a play set in ancient Rome may contain references to Roman mythology or history that a modern reader wouldn't readily grasp.
6. Textual Variations: Different editions of Shakespeare's plays can have varying spellings and punctuation, making it difficult to know exactly what he intended.
7. Different Pronunciation: The sounds of Shakespeare's words were often pronounced differently than they are today. This can affect the rhythm and meaning of the lines.
However, it's important to note that while challenging, understanding Shakespeare is not impossible. By using resources like glossaries, footnotes, and modern translations, and by paying close attention to the language and context, readers can unlock the beauty and richness of Shakespeare's works.