1. Agriculture and Horticulture:
* Cultivation: Māori were skilled cultivators, growing crops such as kumara (sweet potato), taro, hue (gourd), and gourds. They developed sophisticated methods for soil preparation, irrigation, and terracing, particularly on the volcanic slopes of the North Island.
* Gathering: They also gathered wild foods such as fern root, berries, fungi, and wild greens.
2. Fishing and Hunting:
* Fishing: Māori were skilled fishermen who used a variety of techniques, including nets, hooks, and spears. They exploited both freshwater and saltwater resources, with fish being a significant part of their diet.
* Hunting: Hunting was practiced for food and resources. They used weapons like spears, clubs, and snares to hunt birds, seals, and other animals.
3. Resource Management:
* Forest Resources: They used the forest for timber, firewood, and building materials. They also harvested wild foods like berries, ferns, and birds' eggs.
* Forest Conservation: The Māori understood the importance of forest management and practiced sustainable harvesting techniques. They also believed in the spiritual connection between humans and nature.
4. Social Structure and Community:
* Iwi and Hapu: Māori society was organized into tribes (iwi) and sub-tribes (hapu). These groups provided strong social support and a sense of community.
* Sharing and Cooperation: Food and resources were shared within the community. Cooperation was essential for successful hunting, fishing, and farming.
5. Traditional Crafts and Trade:
* Carving, Weaving, and Toolmaking: Māori were skilled craftspeople who created intricate carvings, woven garments, and tools.
* Trade: They traded goods and skills with other tribes.
6. Sustainability:
* Resource Management: Māori emphasized a sustainable relationship with their environment. They understood the importance of conservation and developed practices like fire management to help maintain a healthy ecosystem.
* Respect for Nature: Māori held strong spiritual beliefs about the interconnectedness of all things. They respected the land, sea, and the natural world.
Overall, the Māori were able to successfully support themselves through a combination of resourcefulness, communal cooperation, and a deep understanding of their environment. This way of life provided them with a rich and sustainable existence for centuries.