1. In the context of colonialism and exploration:
* The Dutch: In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) challenged Portuguese dominance in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. They successfully took control of key trading posts, including Malacca, and challenged Portuguese supremacy in Brazil.
* The British: The British East India Company also competed with the Portuguese in India and elsewhere. They gradually gained more influence and ultimately replaced them as the dominant power in many parts of the region.
2. In the context of specific territories:
* Brazil: In the early 16th century, the Portuguese colonized Brazil, but in the 19th century, Brazil gained independence from Portugal.
* Goa, Daman, and Diu: These Indian territories were under Portuguese control for centuries, but in 1961, India annexed them by force.
* Angola and Mozambique: These African territories were Portuguese colonies for centuries, but they gained independence in the mid-20th century after lengthy liberation struggles.
3. In the context of language and culture:
* Indigenous populations: In many colonized territories, the Portuguese were gradually displaced by the local indigenous populations.
* Other European powers: In some cases, Portuguese influence was replaced by other European powers, such as the Spanish in the Americas, or the French in Africa.
It's important to remember that the "displacement" of the Portuguese wasn't a single event but a complex series of historical processes that spanned centuries and involved many different actors. It's important to consider the specific context and time period you're interested in to give a more accurate answer.