Traditional Methods:
* Stone Tools: Māori used tools made from harder stones like basalt, obsidian, and argillite to chip away at the greenstone.
* Fire: They would sometimes use fire to heat the greenstone, making it easier to break.
* Hammerstones: Large stones were used to hammer and break the greenstone into smaller pieces.
* Chisels and Adzes: These were used to shape and carve the greenstone into tools, weapons, and ornaments.
Specific Techniques:
* "Paku" (The Wedge): This involved driving wedges of wood or stone into cracks in the greenstone to break it apart.
* "Whakaeke" (The Lift): Large blocks of greenstone were levered out using wooden wedges and levers.
* "Toi" (The Chisel): This involved using a chisel to break the greenstone into smaller pieces.
* "Whakatoto" (The Grooves): This technique used a grooved stone tool to create deep grooves in the greenstone, which could then be broken apart.
Location and Extraction:
* Greenstone sources: Māori mined greenstone from specific locations throughout New Zealand, with different areas known for different types of greenstone.
* Mining Practices: They often mined greenstone from cliffs and outcrops, using ropes and ladders to access the rock face.
* Respect for the Land: Māori had a deep respect for the land and believed that the greenstone had spiritual significance. They followed traditional protocols and rituals associated with mining the stone.
Modern Techniques:
* Modern Tools: Today, some Māori still use traditional methods, but modern tools are also employed for more efficient and safer mining.
* Sustainability: There is a growing emphasis on sustainable mining practices to protect the greenstone resources for future generations.
Significance of Pounamu:
* Cultural Importance: Greenstone holds great cultural significance for Māori. It is a symbol of strength, power, and connection to the land.
* Spiritual Significance: Māori believe that pounamu has spiritual power and can be used for healing and protection.
* Traditional Arts: Pounamu is used to create a variety of traditional Māori art objects, including tools, weapons, ornaments, and sculptures.
In summary: The Māori have a long history of mining greenstone using a combination of traditional and modern techniques. Their relationship with this valuable resource is deeply entwined with their culture and spiritual beliefs.