Plants:
* Harakeke (New Zealand flax): Used to create shades of brown, yellow, and green, depending on the part of the plant used and the processing method.
* Kowhai (Kowhai tree): Provides a vibrant yellow dye.
* Koromiko (Hebe species): Creates shades of brown and grey.
* Whauwhau (Coprosma species): Yields a range of colors including yellow, orange, and brown.
* Karamu (Coprosma robusta): Offers a vibrant red dye.
* Pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa): Creates a rich red dye.
* Rata (Metrosideros species): Can produce shades of red and brown.
* Hinau (Elaeocarpus dentatus): Used for a dark brown dye.
* Puka (Griselinia littoralis): Offers a black dye.
* Parenga (Aciphylla species): Creates a yellow dye.
* Rewarewa (Knightia excelsa): Used for a dark brown dye.
Insects:
* Kereru (New Zealand Pigeon): Their droppings can be used to create a dark brown or black dye.
Minerals:
* Oxide of iron (Iron oxide): Used to create shades of red, brown, and yellow.
* Manganese oxide: Yields shades of brown, black, and purple.
* Clay: Creates a range of earthy tones.
Other Sources:
* Charcoal: Used for black dye.
* Soot: Can be used to create a black or grey dye.
It's important to note that the specific methods of preparing and using these dyes varied depending on the region and the individual artist.
The use of natural dyes was an integral part of Māori culture, and the knowledge of these dyes was passed down through generations. Today, many contemporary Māori artists continue to use traditional dyeing methods, combining them with modern techniques to create stunning and vibrant works of art.