Society & Culture:
* Whakapapa: The Māori believed in a strong genealogical lineage called "whakapapa," tracing their descent back to ancestors and gods. This lineage determined social status and rights.
* Iwi & Hapu: They lived in tribes ("iwi") and sub-tribes ("hapu") governed by chiefs ("rangatira") and elders.
* Marae: Public spaces for gatherings, meetings, ceremonies, and performances, where important decisions were made and cultural knowledge was shared.
* Tapu: A concept of sacredness or forbiddenness, used to regulate behavior and protect resources.
* Mana: A concept of spiritual power and authority, derived from lineage, achievement, and respect.
Subsistence & Economy:
* Agriculture: Cultivated crops like kumara (sweet potato), taro, and gourds, alongside fishing and hunting.
* Gardens: Used sophisticated techniques to cultivate their land, including terracing and irrigation.
* Fishing: Expert fishermen who used nets, hooks, and spears to catch fish, shellfish, and seabirds.
* Hunting: Hunted birds, seals, and pigs (introduced later).
* Trade: Traded resources, goods, and knowledge with other tribes.
Housing & Technology:
* Whare: Houses built with durable materials like timber, reeds, and thatch.
* Kāinga: Villages with homes, food stores, and communal areas.
* Carving: Skilled woodcarvers created intricate carvings that held cultural significance.
* Weaving: Weaving techniques for clothing, baskets, mats, and nets.
* Canoes: Masterful canoe builders crafted large canoes (waka) for travel and warfare.
Spirituality & Beliefs:
* Atua: Gods and spirits representing natural forces, ancestors, and deities.
* Rongoa: Traditional healing practices incorporating herbal remedies, massage, and spiritual rituals.
* Kahuna: Priestesses and priests who acted as spiritual leaders, healers, and guardians of knowledge.
* Mythology: Rich oral tradition with stories, songs, and legends passed down through generations.
Impact of European Colonization:
* European arrival in the 18th century brought significant changes, including new diseases, weapons, and cultural values.
* Treaty of Waitangi signed in 1840, establishing British sovereignty but leaving Māori with ambiguous rights.
* The Māori endured wars, land confiscation, and cultural suppression.
Modern Māori:
* Māori continue to reclaim their culture, language, and rights.
* They play an active role in New Zealand society, with vibrant communities, businesses, and political representation.
This is just a brief overview of the past Māori way of life. It is a rich and complex history, with many fascinating details to explore.