Frame:
* Poles: Typically made from young, straight trees like birch, pine, or cedar. These poles were bent and tied together at the top to form a dome shape.
Covering:
* Bark: Birch bark was a common covering, especially in areas where birch trees were abundant. It was lightweight, waterproof, and easy to work with.
* Animal skins: Buffalo hides, elk hide, or other animal skins were also used.
* Mats: Woven mats made from reeds, rushes, or grasses were employed in some areas.
* Canvas: In later times, after contact with Europeans, some Native Americans used canvas as a more durable and less labor-intensive material.
Other features:
* Smoke flaps: A small opening at the top of the wigwam allowed smoke from the fire to escape.
* Fire pit: A central fire pit was located in the middle of the wigwam for warmth and cooking.
* Sleeping platforms: Beds made of woven mats or furs were often placed along the walls.
It's important to note that the materials and construction methods for wigwams varied depending on the specific tribe, location, and available resources.