It's thought that the word "lingo" entered the English language through the Italian dialect of the Venetian Republic in the 16th century. Sailors and merchants who traveled through Venice would have encountered this usage of the word, and it eventually made its way into common English parlance.
Interestingly, the word "lingo" has a slightly different meaning in English than it does in Italian. While "lingua" refers to a specific language in Italian, "lingo" in English typically refers to a jargon or dialect specific to a particular group or profession.
For example, you might hear someone say "the lingo of the tech industry" or "the lingo of the medical field." This connotation of a specific, often technical language, is what makes "lingo" so unique.