Before the Meiji Restoration (1868):
* Emperor: The most powerful figure in Japan, considered a divine being. Titles included "Tenno" (天皇) and "Mikado" (ミカド).
* Shogun: Military leader who held real power, effectively ruling in the Emperor's name.
* Daimyo: Powerful feudal lords who controlled vast lands and armies.
After the Meiji Restoration:
* Emperor: Continued to be the symbolic head of state, with titles like "Tenno" and "Kōtei" (皇帝).
* Prime Minister: The head of government, elected by the National Diet.
* Minister: Heads of government departments.
Other important titles:
* Samurai: Warrior class.
* Ronin: Masterless samurai.
* Bushido: The code of the samurai.
Modern Japan:
* Prime Minister: Current title for the head of government.
* Cabinet: Group of ministers appointed by the Prime Minister.
* Emperor: Still a symbolic figurehead.
It's important to note that the specific titles and their meanings have evolved over time. The best title for a particular Japanese leader will depend on the specific context and period you're interested in.