For digging and cultivating:
* Ko: A digging stick made from hardwood, often with a pointed end. This was the primary tool for digging and cultivating.
* Kōiwi: A bone tool, often from a whale or moa, used for digging and cultivating.
* Hoe: A wooden spade, often made from the wood of the kōwhai or pūriri tree.
* Tāiaha: A long wooden spear, which could also be used as a digging stick.
For planting and harvesting:
* Tiritiri: A small digging stick used for planting seeds and tubers.
* Kōkere: A small, wooden digging stick with a pointed end, used for harvesting crops.
* Pāhua: A wooden tool used for weeding and clearing land.
* Waka: A canoe, which was also used for transporting crops and tools.
Other tools:
* Pakihi: A wooden tool used for threshing grain.
* Whakaheke: A wooden tool used for winnowing grain.
* Tāwharu: A small wooden tool used for scraping bark and preparing food.
It's important to note that the specific tools and techniques used by the Maori varied depending on the region, the type of crop being grown, and the available resources.
While these tools may seem basic, they were highly effective for the needs of Maori gardening practices. The Maori developed their agricultural practices over centuries, adapting their tools and techniques to the unique conditions of New Zealand.