1. Fear of Western Influence:
* Christianity: The early Portuguese and Spanish missions in Japan were seen as a threat to the existing social order. The Japanese authorities feared the spread of Christianity and the potential for it to undermine their power. The persecution and expulsion of Christians were a major factor in the decision to isolate.
* Political Instability: The arrival of Europeans, with their powerful warships and sophisticated weapons, contributed to internal power struggles. The ruling Tokugawa Shogunate saw foreign interference as a potential destabilizing force.
* Cultural Identity: The Japanese elite felt a strong sense of cultural pride and saw European influence as a threat to their unique way of life. They believed isolation would preserve their traditions and values.
2. Control and Preservation:
* Centralized Control: Isolation allowed the Tokugawa Shogunate to maintain tight control over all aspects of Japanese life, including trade, foreign relations, and the spread of ideas.
* Economic Self-Sufficiency: The Japanese government sought to create a self-sufficient economy, minimizing dependence on foreign goods and resources. This involved promoting domestic industries and agriculture.
* Preservation of Tradition: Isolation was seen as a way to prevent cultural contamination and preserve Japanese traditions, customs, and values. The government actively suppressed foreign influence and promoted indigenous arts, crafts, and philosophies.
3. Strategic Considerations:
* Defense: Isolation allowed the Japanese to focus on their internal defense, preparing for potential invasions from other Asian powers like Korea and China. They developed a strong military and fortified their borders.
* Resource Management: By limiting foreign trade, the Japanese could better manage their resources and control the flow of goods within the country. This helped to prevent economic instability and maintain social order.
4. The "Barbarian Policy":
* This policy, adopted by the Tokugawa Shogunate, involved strict rules regarding foreign contact. It prohibited most foreigners from entering Japan, restricted Japanese from leaving, and even banned foreign books.
However, it's important to remember that isolation was not an absolute policy. The Japanese allowed limited trade with the Dutch and Chinese, primarily for practical purposes like procuring medicine and raw materials.
The Sakoku period ultimately ended in 1853 with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the forced opening of Japan to trade. This event marked a turning point in Japanese history, ushering in a period of modernization and international engagement.