Early Modern Period:
* The Pléiade (French Renaissance): Led by Pierre de Ronsard, this group aimed to revitalize French literature by imitating classical models and elevating the vernacular language. Notable members: Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, Jean Dorat.
* The Inklings (England, 20th century): This group, which met at Oxford University, included J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Owen Barfield. They discussed their writings, often drawing on mythology and Christian themes.
* The Bloomsbury Group (England, early 20th century): This loose-knit group of intellectuals, artists, and writers met at Bloomsbury in London. They were known for their avant-garde ideas and challenged social norms. Notable members: Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster, John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey.
* The Pre-Raphaelites (England, mid-19th century): A group of artists and poets who rejected the academic art of their time, seeking inspiration in the art of the Italian Renaissance before Raphael. Notable members: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris.
Modern and Contemporary:
* The Beats (United States, 1950s): A group of writers who rebelled against traditional literary and societal norms, embracing spontaneity, nonconformity, and personal expression. Notable members: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs.
* The New York School (United States, mid-20th century): A group of poets who rejected abstract language and emphasized concrete imagery, wit, and conversational style. Notable members: Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch.
* The Angry Young Men (England, 1950s-60s): A group of writers who expressed anger and frustration with British society, particularly with its class structure and hypocrisy. Notable members: Kingsley Amis, John Osborne, Alan Sillitoe.
* The Southern Renaissance (United States, 1920s-1940s): A literary movement in the American South that sought to define a distinct Southern identity and explore themes of race, history, and the region's unique culture. Notable members: William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor.
* The Black Arts Movement (United States, 1960s-1970s): A movement focused on promoting Black writers and artists and exploring themes of Black identity, oppression, and liberation. Notable members: Amiri Baraka, Nikki Giovanni, Gwendolyn Brooks.
Other Notable Literary Groups:
* The Romantics (England, late 18th and early 19th centuries): Emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism. Notable members: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
* The Parnassians (France, mid-19th century): Focused on formal beauty and precision in poetry. Notable members: Charles Leconte de Lisle, Théophile Gautier, Catulle Mendès.
* The Symbolists (France, late 19th century): Employed symbolism to evoke emotions and explore the subconscious. Notable members: Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud.
* The Surrealists (France, 1920s-1930s): Used illogical and dreamlike imagery to explore the subconscious mind. Notable members: André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso.
This is just a small sampling of the many literary groups that have existed throughout history. Each group had its own unique set of ideas, influences, and goals, but they all contributed to the rich tapestry of world literature.