A Rebirth of Classical Learning:
* Revival of Greek and Roman Texts: Renaissance thinkers rediscovered and studied classical literature, philosophy, and art, which had been largely neglected during the Middle Ages.
* Emphasis on Humanism: This focus on human potential and achievement, rather than solely religious concerns, characterized the Renaissance.
* Development of New Disciplines: The Renaissance saw the birth of modern disciplines like anatomy, astronomy, and engineering, as well as the revival of classical studies like rhetoric and logic.
A Shift in Artistic Expression:
* Focus on Realism and Naturalism: Artists, like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, broke away from the stylized forms of medieval art to create more realistic and lifelike depictions of the world.
* Emphasis on Individualism: Artists began to be celebrated as individuals, rather than simply as craftsmen.
* Development of New Techniques: The Renaissance saw the development of new techniques like perspective, chiaroscuro, and oil painting, which allowed artists to create more realistic and expressive works.
Social and Cultural Change:
* Rise of a Merchant Class: The Renaissance saw the rise of a wealthy merchant class who patronized the arts and helped spread new ideas.
* Urbanization: Cities like Florence, Venice, and Rome became centers of commerce, learning, and culture.
* Exploration and Discovery: The Renaissance witnessed a surge in exploration and discovery, with voyages to the Americas, the circumnavigation of the globe, and the development of new trade routes.
Beyond the "Rebirth":
* The Renaissance was not a simple return to antiquity but a complex process of change and transformation. It borrowed from classical models but also developed its own unique forms of expression.
* The Renaissance was not confined to Italy. It spread to other parts of Europe, with distinct regional variations.
Legacy:
The Renaissance laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, and its impact on art, literature, science, and philosophy continues to be felt today.