What are the two major historical and cultural forces that shaped American Literature?

It's difficult to pin down American Literature to just two major forces. It's a rich tapestry woven from many threads! However, if we must choose, these are two highly influential forces:

1. The Quest for Identity:

* Historical context: America, as a nation, was built on the idea of being a new beginning, a place free from European traditions and constraints. This "new world" identity was constantly being defined and redefined, both through immigration waves and evolving societal ideals.

* Literary expression: Early American literature wrestled with questions of independence, democracy, and individual freedom. Authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne explored the dark side of Puritanism and its legacy, while Walt Whitman celebrated the common man and the diverse American landscape. This search for a national identity continued through various movements, including Realism and Naturalism, which addressed social issues and the complexities of American life.

2. The Struggle for Equality:

* Historical context: From the very beginning, America grappled with the inherent contradictions of its founding ideals – freedom and equality – with the realities of slavery, discrimination, and oppression. The fight for civil rights and social justice has been a defining thread in American history.

* Literary expression: American writers have consistently used their voices to challenge injustice and advocate for the marginalized. Frederick Douglass's autobiography exposed the horrors of slavery, while Mark Twain satirized racism and prejudice. Toni Morrison explored the legacy of slavery and the Black experience, and Maya Angelou gave voice to the experiences of women and minorities.

Important Considerations:

* Regionalism: While these two forces are fundamental, it's also important to acknowledge the significant influence of regionalism. The literature of the South, the West, and other regions developed unique voices and perspectives, shaping the overall landscape of American literature.

* Influence of other cultures: American literature has been enriched by the contributions of immigrants from various backgrounds, adding a dynamic and multifaceted dimension to the national literary tradition.

These two forces, while not exhaustive, are deeply intertwined and have shaped the diverse, vibrant, and ever-evolving nature of American Literature.