Early China:
* Confucianism and the "Middle Kingdom" Concept: The dominant ideology in ancient China, Confucianism, instilled a sense of superiority and self-sufficiency. The concept of the "Middle Kingdom" reinforced this belief, considering China to be the center of civilization and other nations as barbarians.
* Fear of Foreign Influence: Chinese dynasties were often wary of cultural and political influence from outside nations. They saw foreign contact as potentially destabilizing to their existing social order and traditions.
* Maintaining Control: Maintaining control over trade and interactions with other nations allowed Chinese leaders to regulate the flow of ideas and resources, minimizing the potential for external challenges to their authority.
Early Japan:
* Isolationist Policies (Sakoku, 1639-1854): The Edo Shogunate implemented a strict policy of isolation in the 17th century, primarily to protect Japan from foreign influence and internal rebellion.
* Xenophobia and Fear of Christianity: The arrival of Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century sparked anxieties about the potential for Christian influence and a perceived threat to Japanese traditions. This fear led to the persecution of Christians and the closure of Japan's borders to most foreigners.
* National Security: Maintaining a strong and stable government required control over the flow of information and potential foreign interference. The isolation policy allowed the Shogunate to solidify its power and prevent outside threats.
However, it's important to note that:
* Trade existed to some extent: While both China and Japan practiced isolationism, they still engaged in limited trade with neighboring nations.
* Periods of Openness: Both China and Japan had periods of openness to the outside world throughout their histories. For example, China's Tang Dynasty (618-907) was known for its flourishing trade with the West.
* Modernization and Change: The 19th century saw both China and Japan move away from their isolationist policies. The West's growing influence and the need to modernize their economies and military forces prompted them to embrace globalization.
In conclusion, while early China and Japan both embraced isolationist policies, the reasons behind their decisions differed and evolved over time. These decisions were influenced by a complex interplay of cultural, religious, political, and economic factors.