1. Social Structure:
* Datu: The leader of a barangay, often considered the head of a noble family. They held significant power and authority, responsible for leading in war, mediating disputes, and administering justice.
* Maharlika: The nobility or elite class, serving as advisors to the Datu and often holding leadership positions in warfare or government.
* Timawa: The free commoners who contributed to the community through farming, fishing, or crafts. They were obligated to pay taxes and assist the Datu in times of need.
* Alipin: Individuals who were either born into servitude or were enslaved due to debt or crime. There were two types: Aliping Namamahay (serfs) who had their own homes and families, and Aliping Sagigilid (slaves) who had no personal property and were directly under the Datu's control.
2. Political Function:
* Decision-making: The Datu, often assisted by the Maharlika, made decisions for the barangay. They consulted with the community on important matters, and a council of elders might also be involved in certain decisions.
* Justice System: The Datu acted as judge and jury, resolving disputes through a system of customary laws called "Ugaling Matanda" (ancient customs). Punishments ranged from fines to banishment, with more serious crimes potentially leading to death.
* Warfare: The Datu led the barangay in wars with other communities, often over resources, territory, or honor. The Maharlika provided military leadership, and all free men were obligated to fight.
3. Economic Function:
* Subsistence Agriculture: The barangay primarily focused on agriculture, with each member contributing to the community's food production. Rice was a staple, along with other crops like tubers and fruits.
* Fishing and Trade: Fishing was also important, particularly in coastal communities. Trade with other barangays and neighboring regions played a role in acquiring essential goods not produced locally.
4. Religion and Culture:
* Animism and Ancestor Worship: The ancient Filipinos believed in a multitude of spirits and deities associated with natural phenomena and ancestors. Religious practices included rituals, offerings, and festivals.
* Strong Family Ties: Family played a central role in barangay life. The Datu's family held a prominent position, and kinship networks were crucial for social and economic support.
5. Dissolution and Legacy:
* Spanish Colonization: The arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century brought about the dismantling of the barangay system. Spanish administration imposed a centralized government, replacing the decentralized barangay structure.
* Continuing Influences: Despite its displacement, the barangay system left a lasting legacy. Concepts like communal living, social responsibility, and respect for elders are still present in Philippine culture today. The word "barangay" continues to be used for the smallest administrative unit in the Philippines.
The barangay system was a dynamic and complex form of social and political organization, reflecting the values and beliefs of ancient Filipinos. Although its structure has been largely replaced by modern institutions, its influences can still be seen in contemporary Philippine society.